Birthmarks are coloured marks on the skin that are present at birth or appear shortly afterwards. They vary in size, shape and colour and are usually harmless. Most do not cause medical problems and do not need treatment, though some may change over time or, rarely, require monitoring depending on type and location.
Birthmarks are areas of skin that appear different from the surrounding skin due to changes in blood vessels, melanocytes (pigment cells), or other skin cells. They are typically classified into two main types:
Birthmarks may be present at birth or develop within the first few weeks of life, and their appearance can change over time. Some fade naturally, while others persist into adulthood.
Birthmarks are common in newborns and children. Some types, such as salmon patches (also known as stork bites or angel kisses), are very frequent, especially on the forehead, eyelids or back of the neck.
Most birthmarks are benign and do not cause health problems. A very small number, particularly some pigmented birthmarks like large congenital naevi, carry a slight risk of later complications and may be monitored by a healthcare professional.
Birthmarks often differ from the rest of the skin in colour or texture:
Vascular birthmarks (red, pink, purple):
Pigmented birthmarks(brown, black, blue-grey):
The exact cause of most birthmarks is not known. They arise due to developmental variations during foetal growth:
Both types are not caused by anything the parents did or did not do during pregnancy.
Birthmarks are usually diagnosed by clinical examination based on appearance, colour, texture and location. Most are identifiable by sight alone.
Further tests such as dermatoscopy or imaging may be used when the birthmark’s features are unusual or if there is concern about deeper involvement or rare syndromes associated with certain vascular marks. Biopsy is rarely required unless there are atypical characteristics.
Most birthmarks do not require treatment and are simply observed over time. Monitoring helps ensure changes are noted early.
Treatment may be considered if:
Individual treatment decisions depend on type, size, location and whether the birthmark is causing symptoms or concerns.
The long-term outlook is excellent for most birthmarks:
Yes. Some birthmarks change in appearance, size or colour as a child grows. Any sudden or unexpected changes should be reviewed by a healthcare professional.
Most birthmarks cannot be prevented because they develop during skin formation before birth. However, skin protection and regular checks help manage long-term skin health:
Seek medical advice if:
Early assessment ensures appropriate monitoring, diagnosis and, where needed, discussion of treatment options.
